Prácticas de estudiantes universitarios relacionados con la alimentación de sus hijos preescolares / Practices of college students related to the feeding of their preschool children

RESUMEN Introducción: Diferentes estilos de crianza pueden o no, favorecer en los niños conductas saludables sobre la alimentación. La restricción, presión para comer, y el uso de alimentos como control comportamental, generan respuestas negativas hacia los alimentos. El enrolamiento positivo, puede favorecer una alimentación saludable. La adopción de un estilo de crianza particular puede estar mediado por factores demográficos y socioeconómicos. Objetivo: Identificar las prácticas parentales de estudiantes universitarios relacionados con la alimentación de sus hijos, y evaluar si hubo diferencias según características socio-demográficas y económicas. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal analítico en 43 estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad pública colombiana, con hijos en edad preescolar y convivencia permanente. Se identificó el estilo parental mediante el cuestionario de prácticas parentales alimentarias -Parental Feeding Practices-. Se analizó la edad, nivel e ingreso socio económico, el peso y talla del estudiante universitario, entre otros. Resultados: Las prácticas de los estudiantes se orientaron al enrolamiento positivo. La edad y factores de tipo demográfico y socioeconómico determinaron la orientación respecto al tipo de práctica. Conclusión: Este estudio proporciona información sobre el estilo de educación en relación con algunos factores demográficos y socioeconómicos en una población poco explorada, que servirá de referencia para futuros estudios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Different parenting styles may or may not favor healthy eating behaviors in children. Restriction, pressure to eat, and the use of food for behavioral control generate negative responses to food. Positive role modeling can promote a healthy diet. The adoption of a particular parenting style may be mediated by demographic and socioeconomic factors. Objective: We identified the parenting practices of college students related to the feeding of their children and evaluated if there were differences according to socio-demographic and economic characteristics. Methodology: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in 43 undergraduate students of a Colombian public university with children of preschool age and permanent cohabitation. Parenting style was identified using the Parental Feeding Practices questionnaire. Age, socioeconomic level and income, weight and height of the university student, among others, were analyzed. Results: The students' practices were oriented to positive role modeling. Age, demographic and socioeconomic factors related to type of parenting practice. Conclusion: This study provides information on the style of upbringing in relation to some demographic and socioeconomic factors in a population little explored, which will serve as a reference for future studies.

Factores asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Associated factors to dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in Bucaramanga, Colombia

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los factores asociados al consumo de Frutas y Verduras (FV) en población adulta de todos los niveles socioeconómicos (NSE), de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó un corte transversal analítico en una muestra de 317 personas y se midieron variables sociodemográficas, económicas, antropométricas, alimentarias y factores relacionados con la compra y consumo de FV. Se realizó una encuesta, un recordatorio de alimentos consumidos durante 24 horas últimas y toma de medidas antropométricas. Los tamaños de porción fueron estimados con un set de menaje estandarizado y atlas de fotografías de alimentos. Se establecieron frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión y se usaron modelos de Regresión Logística para el análisis bi y multivariado. El consumo promedio de FV fue 162.6 g/día, (188.5 g en NSE alto y 145.7 g en NSE bajo; p=0.056). En promedio 2 porciones/día de FV (2.3 porciones en NSE alto y 1.5 en NSE bajo; p=0.055). La prevalencia de consumo adecuado de FV (más de 5 porciones/día) fue 8.6% (8.9% en NSE alto y 8.4% en NSE bajo; p=0.896). El factor asociado al consumo de FV fue IMC> 25 (OR: 0.31, IC(95%): 0.11-0.89; p=0.030), ajustado por ocupación, ingresos económicos, NSE y número de integrantes de la familia. El consumo de FV es bajo; el exceso de peso es la única variable asociada al no consumo de cinco o más porciones; causas: el costo para el consumo de frutas y el sabor en el caso de las verduras.

The objective of this study was to determine associated factors to the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in the adult population of each socioeconomic status (SES) in Bucaramanga, Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional in a sample of 317 people and we measured socio-demographic, economic and anthropometric variables and dietary factors related to the purchase and consumption of FV. We made a survey, a 24-Hour dietary recall and we did anthropometric measurements. Portion sizes were estimated with a standardized set of utensils and food-photography atlas. Frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion were established and Logistic Regression models were used for the bi and multivariate analysis. Average consumption of FV was 162.6 g / day (188.5 g in high SES and 145.7 g in low SES, p= 0.056). On average 2 servings per day of FV (2.3 servings in high SES and 1.5 in low SES, p = 0.055). The prevalence of adequate intake of FV (more than 5 servings / day) was 8.6% (8.9% in high SES and 8.4% in low SES, p = 0.896). The associated factor to consumption of FV was BMI > 25 (OR: 0.31, CI (95%): 0.11-0.89, p = 0.030), adjusted for occupation, income, SES, and number of family members. FV consumption is low; excess weight is the only variable associated to no-consumption of five or more servings; causes: cost to the consumption of fruit and flavor in the case of vegetables.

Caracterización del consumo de alimentos en familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija, Santander. Colombia. 2006 / Characterization of the intake of foods in displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija, Santander. Colombia. 2006

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar el consumo de alimentos en las familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija y describir la percepción que tienen con respecto a la inseguridad alimentaria. METODOLOGÍA: Durante 2004-2005, 61 familias desplazadas del municipio de Lebrija contestaron una encuesta para determinar el gasto mensual en alimentos y la frecuencia de compra. Se utilizó un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las últimas 24 horas. Para determinar la cantidad y tipo de alimentos consumidos se aplicó una encuesta sobre la percepción de la seguridad alimentaria. El proceso de los datos se realizó con SICI, Epi Info 6,04d y Stata STATA/SE v. 8,2. RESULTADOS: El ingreso promedio mensual de los hogares es de 0.67 SMMLV, en el 83,6% de las familias sólo trabaja un miembro. El 88,0% de las familias presenta inseguridad alimentaría leve y el 12,0% moderada. El 100% de las familias argumentó falta de dinero para comprar alimentos. El consumo de frutas y lácteos sólo cubre el 25,0% de las recomendaciones establecidas y el de verduras un 15,0%. CONCLUSIÓN: Las familias de este estudio muestran una proporción de Inseguridad Alimentaria mucho mayor a los estudios nacionales, esto es evidenciado en la defciente calidad de la dieta consecuente con el bajo ingreso y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the intake of foods in the displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija and to describe the perception that they have regarding the food insecurity. METHODOLOGY: During 2004-2005, 61 displaced families of the municipality of Lebrija answered a survey to determine the monthly expense in foods and the purchase frequency. A recall of the consumption of foods in the last 24 hours was used. To determine the quantity and type of consumed foods was applied a survey about the perception of the food security. The process of the data was carried out with SICI, Epi Info 6.04d and STATA/SE v. 8.2. RESULTS: The entrance monthly average of the homes is of 0.67 SMMLV, in 83.6% of the families a member only works. 88.0% of the families presents insecurity it would feed light and 12.0 moderate%. 100% of the families argued lack of money to buy foods. The consumption of fruits and milky it only covers 25.0% of the established recommendations and that of vegetables 15.0%. CONCLUSION: The families of this study show a proportion of foods insecurity much bigger to the national studies, this is evidenced in the faulty quality of the consequent diet with the low income and the ignorance of alternative nutritional.

[Associated factors to dietary intake of fruits and vegetables in Bucaramanga, Colombia]. / Factores asociados al consumo de frutas y verduras en Bucaramanga, Colombia.

The objective of this study was to determine associated factors to the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in the adult population of each socioeconomic status (SES) in Bucaramanga, Colombia. We conducted a cross-sectional in a sample of 317 people and we measured socio-demographic, economic and anthropometric variables and dietary factors related to the purchase and consumption of FV. We made a survey, a 24-Hour dietary recall and we did anthropometric measurements. Portion sizes were estimated with a standardized set of utensils and food-photography atlas. Frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion were established and Logistic Regression models were used for the bi and multivariate analysis. Average consumption of FV was 162.6 g/day (188.5 g in high SES and 145.7 g in low SES, p = 0.056). On average 2 servings per day of FV (2.3 servings in high SES and 1.5 in low SES, p = 0.055). The prevalence of adequate intake of FV (more than 5 servings / day) was 8.6% (8.9% in high SES and 8.4% in low SES, p = 0.896). The associated factor to consumption of FV was BMI > or =25 (OR: 0.31, CI (95%): 0.11-0.89, p = 0.030), adjusted for occupation, income, SES, and number of family members. FV consumption is low; excess weight is the only variable associated to no-consumption of five or more servings; causes: cost to the consumption of fruit and flavor in the case of vegetables.

[Dietary patterns and access to food among displaced families in the municipality of Girón, Santander, Colombia]. / Patrón alimentario y acceso a los alimentos en familias desplazadas en el municipio de Girón, Santander, Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: Describe the dietary patterns and extent of access to food among families displaced by armed conflict in a locality of the Santander department of Colombia. METHODS: A descriptive study of the food consumption of 101 families living in forced displacement in the urban and suburban areas of the municipality of Girón, Santander department, Colombia. During the second half of 2003, the person in charge of the family's food preparation completed a sociodemographic survey with questions on the monthly food expenditure, where the food was bought and with what frequency, and a log of food consumption during the preceding 24 hours. The dietary pattern was established according to the frequency of food consumption and preparation through a linear regression model that used the expenditure as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Of all the families, 34.7% reported not having access to food shopping and 13.9% received food donations. The average expenditure on food was 0.52 of the standard minimum wage. The only variable associated with expenditure was the number of family members working and contributing to the family budget (P = 0.037); for each working member, expenditure rose by increments of 0.07 of the minimum wage (95% confidence interval: 0.004- 0.149). No association was found between the length of time of the displacement and the food expenditure. The overall quality of the diet was deficient given that the recommended allowances of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were not being met. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity encompassed 95.0% of the study families, even though they had been living as refugees for three years. The diet quality was substandard. The principal causes were low household income and a lack of knowledge regarding how to choose nutritionally superior foods. In addition to food donations, relief programs caring for displaced families should provide practical and educational training on nutrition, and thus, successful alternatives.

Patrón alimentario y acceso a los alimentos en familias desplazadas en el municipio de Girón, Santander, Colombia / Dietary patterns and access to food among displaced families in the municipality of Girón, Santander, Colombia

OBJETIVO: Describir el patrón alimentario y la capacidad de acceso a los alimentos de las familias desplazadas por el conflicto armado en una localidad del departamento de Santander, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio dietético descriptivo en 101 familias que vivían en condiciones de desplazamiento forzado en la zona urbana y suburbana del municipio de Girón, departamento de Santander, Colombia. Durante el segundo semestre de 2003, el responsable de preparar los alimentos contestó una encuesta sociodemográfica con preguntas sobre el gasto mensual en alimentos, el lugar y la frecuencia de compra, y un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas previas. El patrón alimentario se estableció según la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos y preparaciones mediante modelos de regresión lineal con el gasto como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: De las familias, 34,7 por ciento manifestaron no tener acceso a la compra de alimentos y 13,9 por ciento los recibía como obsequios. El gasto promedio en alimentos fue de 0,52 salarios mínimos vigentes (SMV). La única variable asociada con el gasto fue el número de miembros de la familia que trabajaban y aportaban al presupuesto familiar (P = 0,037); por cada miembro que trabajaba, el gasto aumentó en 0,07 unidades de SMV (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento: 0,004 a 0,149). No se encontró asociación entre el tiempo de desplazamiento y el gasto en alimentos. La calidad de la dieta fue deficiente, ya que no se cumplió la norma recomendada de consumo de frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. CONCLUSIONES: La inseguridad alimentaria abarcó a 95,0 por ciento de las familias estudiadas aún después de tres años de vivir en condiciones de desplazamiento. La calidad de la dieta era insatisfactoria. Las causas principales de esta situación eran los bajos ingresos familiares y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales más ventajosas. Además de la ayuda alimentaria, los programas de atención a las familias...

OBJECTIVES: Describe the dietary patterns and extent of access to food among families displaced by armed conflict in a locality of the Santander department of Colombia. METHODS: A descriptive study of the food consumption of 101 families living in forced displacement in the urban and suburban areas of the municipality of Girón, Santander department, Colombia. During the second half of 2003, the person in charge of the family's food preparation completed a sociodemographic survey with questions on the monthly food expenditure, where the food was bought and with what frequency, and a log of food consumption during the preceding 24 hours. The dietary pattern was established according to the frequency of food consumption and preparation through a linear regression model that used the expenditure as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Of all the families, 34.7 percent reported not having access to food shopping and 13.9 percent received food donations. The average expenditure on food was 0.52 of the standard minimum wage. The only variable associated with expenditure was the number of family members working and contributing to the family budget (P = 0.037); for each working member, expenditure rose by increments of 0.07 of the minimum wage (95 percent confidence interval: 0.004- 0.149). No association was found between the length of time of the displacement and the food expenditure. The overall quality of the diet was deficient given that the recommended allowances of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were not being met. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity encompassed 95.0 percent of the study families, even though they had been living as refugees for three years. The diet quality was substandard. The principal causes were low household income and a lack of knowledge regarding how to choose nutritionally superior foods. In addition to food donations, relief programs caring for displaced families should provide practical and educational training on...

Alimentos índices: comportamientos de los precios en Santander, 1999-2000 / Food Indexes: behavior of prices in Santander, 1999-2000

Objetivo: establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA) para las familias de dos municipios colombianos, basados en el precio de dos alimentos indices (AI) y su variacion, Materiales y Metodos: en 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que determino el costo de los AI, para estimar indices de precios (IPC), su variacion e indicadores de SA relacionados con salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV) y horas de la jornada laboral necesarias para acceder a energía y proteínas. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC acumulados por municipio (p>0,05. Los IPC acumulados año son de un digito. La leche, la carne y los cereales representaron mas de la mitad del costo total de la canasta basica de alimentos (CBA). Las leguminosas se situan en terminos de inversion de horas labolares como una alternativa media para satisfacer la necesidad de energia y proteinas. Las mayores variaciones de precios se presentaron en el huevo, leguminosas, frutas, versuras y energeticos. La carne fue el AI, que presntó mayor estabilidad relativa de los precios. Conclusiones: Las diferencias del gasto, no se dan en la CBA como un conjunto, sino al interior de cada grupo de alimentos (AI).

Objective: To establish indicators for food security (FS) for the families of two Colombian towns, based on the price of the index foods (AI) and their variation, Materials and Methods: In 1999-2000, a descriptive study was carried, which determined the cost of AI, to estimate price indices (CPI), its variation and SA-related statutory minimum wage (minimum wage of) and hours of working time required for access to energy and protein. Results: No differences were found in the municipality accumulated CPI (p> 0.05. The annual cumulative CPI is a digit. Milk, meat and cereals accounted for over half the total cost of the basic food basket (CBA). legumes are placed in terms of investment labolares hours as an alternative means to satisfy the need for energy and protein. The highest price changes were made in the egg, legumes, fruits, versura and energetics. The meat was the AI, which presntó greater relative stability of prices. Conclusions: The differences in expenditure, not found in the CBA as a whole but within each food group (AI).

[Alimentary basic basket and index of prices in Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000]. / Canasta básica alimentaria e índice de precios en Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To establish indicators for food security (FS) in two Colombian municipalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1999-2000, a descriptive study was carried out in two municipalities of the department of Santander, Colombia, that determined the cost of basic food baskets (BFB), to estimate price indices (PI), their variation, and indicators of FS related to the legally set minimum wage (MW). RESULTS: No differences were found in the PI by municipality (p > 0.05). The annual cumulative price indices were a single digit. The percentages of food insecurity (FI) were upwards of 50%, differing by municipality, in 1999 (p = 0.04), and 2000 (p = 0.88). The FI increased five points on average for the period 1999-2000. An average minimum wage of 1.24 per month is needed for a family to have access to a BFB. CONCLUSIONS: The purchasing power of the current MW doesn't satisfy the caloric nor nutritional requirements of a family. The local FS will continue deteriorating, given the behavior of its determinants.

Canasta básica alimentaria e índice de precios en Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000 / Alimentary basic basket and index of prices in Santander, Colombia, 1999-2000

OBJETIVO: Establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA) en dos municipios colombianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el periodo 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos municipios del departamento de Santander, Colombia, que determinó el costo de canastas básicas alimentarias (CBA), para estimar índices de precios (IPC), su variación, e indicadores de SA relacionados con el salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV). Se calcularon estadísticos de tendencia central y dispersión según el tipo de variables. Para el cálculo de los índices de precios al consumidor se utilizó el método de Laspayres. Para la comparación de éstos se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y de Sperman. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC por municipio (p>0.05). Los IPC acumulados año son de un dígito. Los porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (IA) estuvieron por encima de 50 por ciento, encontrándose diferencias por municipio, en 1999 (p=0.04), en 2000 (p=0.88). La IA aumentó en promedio cinco puntos para el periodo 1999- 2000. Se necesita en promedio 1.24 SMLV por mes para acceder a una CBA familiar. CONCLUSIONES: La capacidad de compra del SMLV no satisface los requerimientos familiares de energía y nutrientes. La SA local seguirá deteriorándose, debido al comportamiento de sus determinantes